In this paPER, we analysis the dynamics of PER CAPITA INCOME by using Carrion -i- Silvestre et al. (2005) stationary test over the PERiod 1950-2008. We use the Madison historical data. The Results show that Iran economy exPERienced a golden PERiod over 1955- 1976, and if this trend had been continued, Iran could be in high PER CAPITA INCOME club countries. Because of economic policies after first oil shock, political- social changes in the1970s, the 1980-88 war with Iraq, economic sanctions and the oil price collapse in the year 1986, the GDP PER CAPITA in Iran has fallen so much that if the Iranian economy were growing at an average rate of 4% a year (economic growth in the 2000s), there would be a gap of 19 years between GDP PER CAPITA in 2008 and its forecast for this year.

In this paPER, nonlinear relationship between insurance penetration and PER-CAPITA INCOME will be studied. For this purpose, the researchers specified S-shaped Curve as two-factor logistic growth functions and estimated its parameters by MLE method using panel data of 70 countries during 2000-2011. The results of estimation indicate that there is a level of PER-CAPITA INCOME approximately 18697 for life, 7492 for non-life insurance and 10392 for total industry in which the INCOME elasticity of the demand for insurance reaches to the maximum, 1.63, 1.38 and 1.42 respectively.  Also, the maximum and minimum of life, non-life and total industry penetrations will be 4.54, 2.9 and 7.44, and 0.75, 1.02 and 1.83 respectively.

The main objective of this paPER is to investigate the relationship between PER CAPITA health expenditure and PER CAPITA GDP for lower and middle INCOME countries during 2003-2007. For this purpose, we used the Hsiao's-Granger and Toda & Yamamoto (TY) causality tests for investigating short-run relation between two variables. The results of the model estimation reveal that there is a unilateral causality from the GDP PER CAPITA to PER CAPITA health expenditure.Due to the results of this paPER, the main implication policy of this study is that the policymakers and economic planners should adopt the suitable policies to improve economic growth and GDP PER CAPITA. Because, the increase of GDP PER CAPITA can be enhance the consumption expenditures and especially, health expenditures PER CAPITA.

One of the main questions faced by economic theories is that whether it is possible to decrease INCOME gap between rich and poor countries. This question relates to the oldest and most noisy subjects in economics, which is INCOME convergence hypothesis. This is predicted by economic growth models and Factor Price Equalization (FPE) proposition. In the context of its standard assumptions specially decreasing return to CAPITAl, neoclassical growth model predicts that less developed countries grow faster than developed ones and are able to decrease the gap between developed countries and themselves. Also, based on FPE proposition, free trade equalizes factor price and thus PER CAPITA INCOME. In addition, in the framework of endogenous growth model, trade may result in growth acceleration through increasing the rate of technology transfer and diffusion and innovation.Few studies have been done with regard to the role of international trade in INCOME convergence. Based on some of these studies, lower-INCOME economies benefit more from international trade than higher-INCOME economies, which conclude that international trade causes INCOME convergence. Based on some other studies, international trade increases INCOME gap between rich and poor countries. In sum, there is no strong result in line with theoretical and empirical effect of trade openness on INCOME convergence.Present paPER examines trade openness impact on the speed of convergence for D8 members by using powerful panel data technique during time 1975-2004. Results indicate that trade openness has significant and positive effect on speed of convergence among D8 members. Based on the results of this paPER, it seems that D8 members decrease INCOME gap between themselves by developing mutual trade.Furthermore, based on the results obtained, physical and human CAPITAls have positive and significant effect on economic growth of considered countries.

Economic freedom and lack of imposing limitations on output and distribution of goods & services have remarkable effects on economic growth as well as PER CAPITA INCOME of countries. The present paPER is based on the framework of Lakatos methodology and uses the Skipton model to deal with the impact of economic freedom on PER CAPITA of 87 countries (including low-medium and high INCOME) during 1980-2003. It also concentrates on combinations of Carlson - Lundstrom and Weinhold models to investigate the effect of economic freedom on economic growth of the same countries for the PERiod under consideration.Our findings support the positive impacts of economic freedom on both PER CAPITA and economic growth of all different samples of the countries. We have also shown that among the elements of economic freedom, judiciaries independence; proPERty rights security; sound money; labour market laws; and credibility have the highest impacts on PER CAPITA INCOMEs. In additions the paPER concludes that judiciaries independence; proPERty rights security; labour market laws; and credibility have the highest effects on economic growth.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the dynamics of INCOME distribution and to find evidence of convergence or divergence in PER CAPITA INCOME in Iranian provinces by using newly developed methods for Exploratory Space– Time Data Analysis (ESTDA). In order to achieve this goal, PER CAPITA INCOME data were collected for the PERiod from 1997 to 2014. Then, using the markov chain and the spatial markov chain, the transition probability matrix is estimated at different time PERiods. The results show that in an 18-year PERiod in Iranian economy, there was a very small possibility that poor provinces (in terms of PER CAPITA INCOME) could increase their PER CAPITA INCOME. Also, the values of asymptotic distribution show very weak tendency to divergence in PER CAPITA INCOME of Iranian provinces during PERiod 1997 to 2000. According to the high probability of 77% for staying at each level of PER CAPITA INCOME, one can claim that there is no strong evidence of convergence or divergence in the distribution of PER CAPITA INCOME between provinces of Iran. Also, the estimation results of the spatial transition probability matrix show that the moves between INCOME classes for each province depends on the PERformance and status of neighboring provinces.

Economic growth and promoting the nation’s welfare is one of the main concerns of governments and policy makers. Also, the process of PER CAPITA INCOME convergence indicates changes to countries welfare. In this paPER, in order to realize the convergence process of INCOME PER CAPITA of Iran with INCOME PER CAPITA of 129 countries we use the time series model and ADF unit root test with multiple structural breaks. The results of this study show that, first, in Iran the most important shocks occurred in the years 1966, 1973, 1977-1978, 1985 and 1997. Secondly, due to various shocks, Iran could not reach to specific steady state in PER CAPITA INCOME. Thirdly, Iran could not escape vicious circles and converge to high level PER CAPITA INCOME during 1950-2006.  Although, due to the first oil shock, the level of PER CAPITA INCOME increased, but the negative shocks in the later decades leads to not only a decrease in PER CAPITA INCOME but also a divergence between Iran PER CAPITA INCOMEs with high PER CAPITA INCOME countries.